![]() ![]() They will use their Nature Notebook to help them remember. On the other side of the paper, have them write the different animals they saw. Have students fold the paper in half and use one side of the paper to list the different plants they saw. ![]() Have students remain in groups and give each group a large sheet of paper (such as butcher paper) and markers or crayons. So it is less intimidating for students, divide the class in groups of about four students, then have each member of the group show his or her page in the Nature Notebook, telling what he/she likes about it. Instruct each student to draw their favorite part of the field trip, and then write about it in 1-2 sentences (older students may be instructed to write 3-4 sentences).ĮXPLORE: After returning from the field trip, have each student share one page from their Nature Notebook. Have them each bring a notebook and pencil or pen, so they can write notes and draw pictures.Īfter the tour, or at various times throughout the field trip if you are acting as guide, have students stop, sit down, and write or draw about what they’ve seen. On the day of the field trip, tell students they are going to go out of the class to learn about plants and animals. Make sure the guide knows how many students you have and their ages, so s/he knows what to expect. If you are going to a botanical garden, zoo, or farm, get someone as a tour guide. Look for places where you can observe caterpillars and butterflies, tadpoles and frogs, or chicks and chickens.īe sure to get permission for the field trip and have parents sign a permission slip for their child. You can go to a nearby botanical garden, butterfly garden, zoo, farm, or park.
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![]() ![]() When scientists and engineers use new arguments or theories to develop a new viscosity model, instead of improving the reigning model, it may lead to the first model in a new class of models. This combination occurs so frequently in arguments of fluid dynamics that it has been given a special namekinetic viscosity. Suspension oil viscosity is specified in terms of kinematic viscosity (cSt40c) defined as the actual viscosity (aka dynamic viscosity) divided by the oil. One such complicating feature is the relation between the viscosity model for a pure fluid and the model for a fluid mixture which is called mixing rules. High viscosity oils flow more slowly and come with a higher SAE number. The quicker an oil flows, the lower its viscosity and the grade assigned to it by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). This functional relationship is described by a mathematical viscosity model called a constitutive equation which is usually far more complex than the defining equation of shear viscosity. In the simplest terms, viscosity refers to how well a lubricant flows at a given temperature. Their role is to help lubricant blenders achieve desired viscosity (rheological). The viscosity is not a material constant, but a material property that depends on temperature, pressure, fluid mixture composition, local velocity variations. Today, viscosity modifiers (VMs) are key ingredients in most engine oils. This friction is the effect of (linear) momentum exchange caused by molecules with sufficient energy to move (or "to jump") between these fluid sheets due to fluctuations in their motion. Oils are usually flammable and surface active. The shear viscosity (or viscosity, in short) of a fluid is a material property that describes the friction between internal neighboring fluid surfaces (or sheets) flowing with different fluid velocities. An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) & lipophilic (mixes with other oils). ![]() ![]() ![]() What is a virtual power plant (VPP)?Ī VPP is an aggregation of DERs that can be dispatched and traded in energy markets as a unit. EaaS is essentially a PPA in which a third party owns a microgrid, and you pay the operational costs as a fixed price for energy over time. Microgrid owners also can enter into PPAs to sell their unused energy to companies or utilities. Renewable energy developers commonly sell power through PPAs to achieve a return on their infrastructure investment. The buyer may be an energy supplier that resells the power or a company with significant energy requirements, or a need to reduce its carbon footprint. What is a power purchase agreement (PPA)?Ī PPA is an agreement to sell energy at a predetermined price. By connecting a microgrid to the utility grid as a DER, you can help increase the role of renewables on the grid and improve grid resilience. To do this seamlessly, the microgrid should be integrated with the utility’s automation systems at the substation and distribution levels. A microgrid controller automatically connects and disconnects these from the macro grid by remotely opening or closing a circuit breaker or switch. How can microgrids connect to the grid, and what are distributed energy resources (DERs)?ĭERs are power resources outside a central grid, including microgrid generation and storage systems. Schneider Electric can even transfer the asset to a partner when necessary, reducing your financial risk. This gets the microgrid up and running faster and protects you from utility rate hikes. With EaaS, partners like Schneider Electric, through their Joint Ventures with AlphaStruxure, GreenStruxure, and GreenNext, build, own, and operate a microgrid at your site for a long-term price per kWh. What is Energy as a Service (EaaS)?ĮaaS is a business model that lets your organization reap the benefits of microgrid ownership without the cost and risk of capital investment. A microgrid can be a long-term hedge against inflation as the cost of fossil-fuel utility plants increases relative to renewable sources. ![]() It allows you to use your own loads without paying peak rates from the utility and the option to sell excess power when available. How does a microgrid aid in energy cost efficiency?Īn intelligent microgrid controller determines the optimal times to consume, produce, store, or sell energy based on weather, predicted utility rates, and other factors. ![]() With the right software, controller, and interconnection equipment, the microgrid can use renewable sources, including battery storage, to supply your needs and could enable providing decarbonized power through a utility to other users. How does a microgrid help with sustainability goals?Ī microgrid provides the technical infrastructure to pilot, integrate, and scale renewable energy systems in lieu of or to balance out non-renewable sources from the grid at your own pace. If the grid fails, a microgrid controller can sense the disruption, disconnects from the utility, activates “island mode,” and reconnects when the utility service is restored. A microgrid enables your organization to remain powered by seamlessly switching to on-site generation or storage. Utility outages are growing more prolonged and frequent in many areas, often caused by weather-related disasters and aging infrastructure. ![]() How does a microgrid help with resilience? This can be a complex undertaking, so finding the right partner is essential for success. An intelligent microgrid that automatically adjusts energy loads and resources to optimize cost and resilience requires a full stack of generation, storage, analytics, interconnection, and software components. It can be as small as a few solar panels and a battery or as large as an array of solar, wind, hydrogen, and other systems across multiple facilities or a community. In this blog, I’ll introduce microgrids, their benefits, and some useful terms for understanding this transformative approach to energy.Ī microgrid is a set of on-site energy loads and resources that work as a system and can operate independently of the grid. A microgrid can help your organization achieve its goals and control its energy future – with or without capital investment. Enterprises are more motivated than ever to control energy costs and increase sustainability, while the utility grids they rely on grow more vulnerable due to aging infrastructure, extreme weather, and rising energy demand. ![]() |